You can easily calculate a person through the base station, Stepanov gives an example. To do this, mobile operators simply need to measure the time it takes for a signal to travel from the device to the tower and back.
Also, a Wi-Fi-enabled phone automatically connects to nearby networks, including public ones. This is how the ISP can also learn your location.
And a device with malware or spyware installed can be found even when geolocation is disabled, because on smartphones, geolocation is disabled by the system, not by physically cutting the electrical circuit.
Source: Ferra

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